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Adjectives describe nouns and specifies size, colour etc. E.g. the expensive red car drove quickly and quietly
round the sharp corner.
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. E.g. the expensive red car drove quickly and quietly round
the sharp corner.
Clauses are groups of words with a subject and predicate. Main clauses stand alone in a sentence whilst subordinate
clauses are incomplete and join a main clause to express an idea. Main clause: my red car is shiny.
Subordinate: when I polish it.
Conjunctions join together words, phrases or clauses. E.g. and, but, when, or, so, yet.
Subordinating conjunctions join together two clauses. E.g. because, since, until, while.
Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as intention, obligation, permission, possibility or necessity.
E.g. can, could, shall, should, will, would, ought to.
Nouns are used to refer to things such as people, places, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings.
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns or gerunds to other words. They can be used to express a number of meanings.
Direction: I am driving to my school. Location: I work in Madrid. Time: he left before I had finished.
Possession: the last day of November.
Pronouns are used as substitutes for nouns in a number of contexts. Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
Personal: I, you, he, she etc. Reflexive: mine, yours, his, hers etc. Interrogative: who, what, where,
when etc. Negative: nothing, nobody etc. Reciprocal: each other etc. Relative Clause: who, whose,
which, that etc. Quantifier: some, any, something etc.
Proper nouns are the names of individual people, places, titles, calendar times, etc.
Reported Speech (also referred to as indirect speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without
using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually
moved back a tense, where possible.
Superlatives are the form of an adjective or adverb that shows a thing to have a quality above or below others.
It is formed with the definitive article and -est. There must be three or more to use the superlative.
Subjects of a sentence are nouns, pronouns or noun phrases that precede and govern the verb. E.g. he drove his
car round the corner.
Uncountable nouns have no plural form. E.g. water, air, wood.
Verbs are action words, make things happen, show state of being and indicate the time of action. E.g. he
drives (present) his car everyday; he drove (past) his car to work yesterday.
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